Quick recall · 286 cards
Short MCQ-style retrieval prompts. Tap a card to reveal the answer.
PYQ
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The main system board of the computer is called ____.
A · Motherboard
PYQ
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Which of the following system components is the brain of a computer?
B · CPU
PYQ
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Which part of the computer is directly invoked in executing the instructions of the computer program?
D · processor
PYQ · 2015
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A computer executes programs in the sequence of:
C · Fetch, Decode, Execute
PYQ
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The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called ______ memory.
A · cache
PYQ
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The part of a computer that coordinates all its functions is called its ______?
B · Control unit
PYQ
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The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called _______ memory.
B · cache
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______memory is sometimes used to increase the speed of processing by making current programs and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate.
B · Cache
PYQ
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What is the smallest unit in a digital system?
C · Bit
PYQ
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An error in computer programming is known as ________.
B · Bug
PYQ
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The part of a computer that coordinates all its functions is called its ________.
B · Control Unit
PYQ
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This component is required to process data information and consists of integrated circuits.
B · CPU
PYQ
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What is another word for the CPU?
B · Microprocessor
PYQ
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Managing a computer's CPU to ensure its optimum utilization is called ________.
B · Processor Management
PYQ
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Which of the following generations of computers used vacuum tubes as their primary electronic component?
A · First Generation
PYQ
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What was the name of India's first computer university?
C · Rajeev Gandhi Computer University
PYQ
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The supercomputer MACH was developed by ________.
B · C-DAC
PYQ
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PARAM supercomputer was developed by ________.
B · C-DAC
PYQ
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The most powerful type of computer is __________.
B · Supercomputer
PYQ
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Which of the following is not an output device?
C · C) Scanner
PYQ
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The most widely used input device is the _______.
B · B) Keyboard
PYQ
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The OCR stands for
B · B) Optical Character Reader
PYQ
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Which kind of device is a digital camera?
B · B) Input
PYQ
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Which of the following groups consists of only output devices?
D · D) Plotter, speaker, monitor
PYQ
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The term used to define all input and output devices in a computer system is _______.
D · D) Hardware
PYQ
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The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called ______ memory.
B · Cache
PYQ
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______ memory is sometimes used to increase the speed of processing by making current programs and data available to the CPU at a rapid rate.
B · Cache
PYQ
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Which type of RAM needs to be continually refreshed for data retention?
C · Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
PYQ · 2023
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Which of the following is incorrect about cache memory?
A · It is slower than the main memory
PYQ
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The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called ______ memory.
A · Cache
PYQ
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Which of the following is primary memory (or main memory)?
D · Both RAM and ROM
PYQ
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Which type of RAM needs to be continually refreshed for data retention?
C · Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
PYQ
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Which is a secondary memory device?
D · Floppy disk
PYQ
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Main memory (also called primary memory) stores:
D · Data, programs, and results
PYQ
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The computer internal memory consists of:
B · CPU registers, main memory, and cache memory
PYQ
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Which of the following is not a magnetic disk?
A. Hard Disk
B. Floppy Disk
C. DVD
D. Magnetic Tape
C · DVD
PYQ
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Which is a secondary memory device?
A. ALU
B. CPU
C. Mouse
D. Floppy disk
D · Floppy disk
PYQ
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The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called ______ memory.
A. cache
B. backup
C. auxiliary
D. main
A · cache
PYQ · 2012
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The transfer of data from a CPU to peripheral devices of computer is achieved through
A · interfaces
PYQ
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A ____ port transmits one bit of a byte at a time as a single stream of bits. It is meant for transmitting slow data over long distances.
A · Serial port
PYQ
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Which among the following keyboard shortcut can be used to open Windows Explorer?
A · Windows Key + E
PYQ
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Which among the following keyboard shortcuts open the properties for the selected item on a Windows 10 home screen?
C · Alt + Enter
PYQ
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Windows Explorer uses a special folder called the ____ to hold deleted files.
C · Recycle Bin
PYQ
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Which among the following statements about Windows Explorer is incorrect?
C · It cannot display files in different views
PYQ
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Which among the following keyboard shortcuts is used to bookmark the current webpage on the web browser?
A. Ctrl + N
B. Ctrl + I
C. Ctrl + B
D. Ctrl + D
D · Ctrl + D
PYQ
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Which of the following keyboard shortcuts would you use to go to the previously opened program?
A. Alt + Shift + Tab
B. Alt + Tab
C. Ctrl + N
D. Ctrl + Home
A · Alt + Shift + Tab
PYQ
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In MS-Word 365, Ctrl + E is the keyboard shortcut to ______.
A. justify the selected text
B. centre align the selected text
C. left align the selected text
D. right align the selected text
B · centre align the selected text
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Which component on the motherboard is responsible for connecting the CPU, memory, and peripheral devices?
B · Chipset
The chipset on the motherboard manages data flow between the CPU, memory, and peripherals, acting as a communication hub.
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Which of the following is NOT a primary hardware component of a computer system?
B · Operating System
Operating System is software, not hardware. Input devices, memory, and output devices are primary hardware components.
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If a CPU has a clock speed of 3 GHz, how many clock cycles does it complete in one second?
B · 3 billion
1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second. So, 3 GHz = 3 × 10^9 = 3 billion cycles per second.
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Which unit of the CPU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations?
B · Arithmetic Logic Unit
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs all arithmetic and logical operations inside the CPU.
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A computer's main memory is divided into 4 blocks of equal size. If the total memory size is 8 GB, what is the size of each block?
A · 2 GB
Total memory = 8 GB divided into 4 equal blocks. Each block size = \( \frac{8 \text{ GB}}{4} = 2 \text{ GB} \).
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Which of the following best describes the function of the Control Unit in a CPU?
B · Manages and coordinates all CPU operations
The Control Unit directs and coordinates the operations of the CPU by fetching, decoding, and executing instructions.
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Which memory type is volatile and loses its content when power is turned off?
B · RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory and loses data when power is off, unlike ROM or flash memory.
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In a computer system, the bus that carries data between the CPU and memory is called the:
B · Data Bus
The Data Bus transfers actual data between the CPU and memory, while the Address Bus carries memory addresses.
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Which of the following sequences correctly represents the fetch-execute cycle of a CPU?
C · Fetch → Decode → Execute
The CPU fetches the instruction, decodes it to understand, then executes it in that order.
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Which of the following is an example of secondary storage device?
C · Hard Disk Drive
Hard Disk Drive is secondary storage used for long-term data storage, unlike RAM or cache which are primary memory.
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If a computer has a 32-bit address bus, what is the maximum number of unique memory locations it can address?
B · 2^{32} (4,294,967,296)
A 32-bit address bus can address \( 2^{32} = 4,294,967,296 \) unique memory locations.
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Which of the following hardware components temporarily holds data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing?
A · Cache Memory
Cache memory is a small, fast memory located close to the CPU that temporarily holds data and instructions for quick access.
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Which of the following best describes the function of the system bus in a computer?
B · It connects CPU, memory, and I/O devices for data transfer
The system bus is a communication pathway that connects CPU, memory, and I/O devices for data transfer.
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Which of the following is NOT true about ROM (Read-Only Memory)?
B · It can be easily modified by the user
ROM is non-volatile and stores permanent data; it cannot be easily modified by the user.
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In a computer system, the CPU executes instructions stored in memory. Which part of the CPU is responsible for fetching these instructions?
B · Control Unit
The Control Unit fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and directs the CPU to execute them.
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Which of the following is the correct order of hierarchy in computer memory from fastest to slowest?
A · Cache → RAM → Hard Disk → Optical Disk
Cache memory is the fastest, followed by RAM, then Hard Disk, and finally Optical Disk which is the slowest.
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Which of the following best defines the function of the Input/Output (I/O) unit in a computer system?
C · It manages communication between the computer and external devices
The I/O unit manages communication between the computer system and external devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.
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A computer system has a 64 KB memory. How many address lines are required to uniquely address each byte of memory?
C · 16
64 KB = \( 64 \times 1024 = 65536 \) bytes. Number of address lines needed = \( \log_2 65536 = 16 \).
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Which of the following components is responsible for converting data from one form to another inside a computer system?
C · Encoder/Decoder
Encoders and decoders convert data from one form to another, such as from binary to decimal or vice versa.
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Which of the following is the fastest type of memory in a computer system?
A · Cache
Cache memory is the fastest memory, located closest to the CPU for quick data access.
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Which of the following buses carries control signals such as read/write and interrupt requests in a computer system?
C · Control Bus
The Control Bus carries control signals that manage operations like read/write and interrupt requests.
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Which of the following is true about the CPU cache memory?
C · It reduces the average time to access data from main memory
Cache memory reduces the average time to access data by storing frequently used data close to the CPU.
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Which hardware component acts as the interface between the computer and the user for input and output?
C · I/O Devices
Input/Output devices like keyboard, mouse, monitor, and printer serve as interfaces between the user and computer.
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Which of the following best explains the function of the BIOS in a computer system?
B · It initializes hardware during the booting process
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) initializes and tests hardware components during booting before OS loads.
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Refer to the diagram below showing a simplified CPU architecture. Which part is responsible for temporarily holding the instruction to be executed?
B · Instruction Register
The Instruction Register holds the current instruction fetched from memory for decoding and execution.
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Which of the following best describes the function of the Memory Address Register (MAR) in a CPU?
B · Holds the address of the memory location to be accessed
The MAR holds the address of the memory location from which data or instruction is to be fetched or stored.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the system unit in a computer?
C · Providing user interface
Providing user interface is done by input/output devices, not by the system unit which houses CPU, memory, and controllers.
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Which part of the CPU is responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations?
B · Arithmetic Logic Unit
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is the component of the CPU that performs all arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and logical operations (comparisons).
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The Control Unit in the CPU primarily functions to:
B · Manage and coordinate all CPU activities
The Control Unit directs the operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory, ALU, and input/output devices how to respond to instructions.
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If a CPU has a clock speed of 3 GHz, how many clock cycles does it complete in one second?
B · 3 billion
1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second. Therefore, 3 GHz = 3 billion cycles per second.
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Which of the following best describes the function of registers in the CPU?
B · Temporary storage for instructions and data during processing
Registers are small, fast storage locations within the CPU used to hold data and instructions temporarily during processing.
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The CPU component that fetches instructions from memory and decodes them is called:
B · Control Unit
The Control Unit fetches instructions from memory and decodes them to control the operation of the CPU.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the CPU?
C · Storing large amounts of data permanently
The CPU does not permanently store large amounts of data; that is the function of secondary storage devices like hard drives.
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Which CPU register holds the address of the next instruction to be executed?
A · Program Counter
The Program Counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched and executed by the CPU.
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Which of the following best describes the role of the ALU in decision-making within a CPU?
B · It performs logical comparisons and outputs true or false
The ALU performs logical operations such as comparisons, which are essential for decision-making in programs.
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A CPU with multiple cores can be best described as:
A · Having multiple processors within a single chip
A multi-core CPU contains two or more independent processing units (cores) on a single chip, allowing parallel processing.
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Which of the following is the fastest type of memory accessible by the CPU?
B · Cache Memory
Cache memory is the fastest memory type accessible by the CPU, used to store frequently accessed data and instructions.
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Which component of the CPU controls the timing and execution of instructions?
A · Control Unit
The Control Unit manages the timing and execution of instructions by directing the flow of data within the CPU.
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If a CPU executes 1 instruction per clock cycle and has a clock speed of 2.5 GHz, how many instructions can it execute in 4 seconds?
A · 10 billion
Clock speed = 2.5 GHz = 2.5 billion cycles/second.Instructions in 4 seconds = 2.5 billion × 4 = 10 billion instructions.
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Which of the following best explains the fetch-decode-execute cycle in a CPU?
B · Fetching an instruction from memory, decoding it, and executing it
The fetch-decode-execute cycle involves fetching an instruction from memory, decoding it to understand what to do, and then executing it.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Control Unit in the CPU?
B · Performs arithmetic operations
The Control Unit does not perform arithmetic operations; that is the function of the ALU.
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Which of the following registers temporarily holds the instruction currently being executed?
A · Instruction Register
The Instruction Register holds the current instruction that the CPU is decoding and executing.
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In a CPU, the accumulator is used to:
A · Store intermediate arithmetic and logic results
The accumulator is a register used to store intermediate results of arithmetic and logic operations within the ALU.
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Which of the following best defines the term 'clock cycle' in a CPU?
B · The time taken for one complete oscillation of the CPU clock
A clock cycle is one complete oscillation of the CPU clock, which synchronizes all CPU operations.
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Which of the following CPU components directly interacts with the system bus to transfer data between CPU and memory?
B · Bus Interface Unit
The Bus Interface Unit manages communication between the CPU and the system bus for data transfer.
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A CPU executes instructions in 4 clock cycles. If the clock speed is 2 GHz, what is the instruction execution time?
A · 2 nanoseconds
Clock period = 1 / clock speed = 1 / 2 GHz = 0.5 nanoseconds.Instruction execution time = 4 cycles × 0.5 ns = 2 nanoseconds.
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Which of the following best describes the function of the Control Unit's instruction decoder?
A · Converts instructions into control signals
The instruction decoder translates the fetched instruction into control signals that direct other CPU components.
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Which of the following is a key difference between the Control Unit and the ALU in the CPU?
B · Control Unit manages instruction flow; ALU performs calculations
The Control Unit manages the flow of instructions and data, while the ALU performs arithmetic and logical calculations.
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If a CPU has a 64-bit data bus and executes 1 instruction every 2 clock cycles at 2.5 GHz, what is the maximum number of bits processed per second?
A · 80 billion bits per second
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Which of the following best describes the function of the CPU's instruction register (IR)?
B · Holds the current instruction being executed
The Instruction Register holds the instruction currently being decoded and executed by the CPU.
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Which of the following is true about the relationship between the Control Unit and ALU?
B · The Control Unit sends control signals to the ALU
The Control Unit sends control signals to the ALU to specify which operations to perform.
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Which of the following best explains why cache memory is placed closer to the CPU than RAM?
B · Cache memory is faster and reduces data access time
Cache memory is faster than RAM and is placed closer to the CPU to reduce the time needed to access frequently used data and instructions.
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the CPU?
C · Hard Disk
The hard disk is a storage device and is not part of the CPU.
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Which of the following devices is primarily used to input handwritten text into a computer?
C · Graphics Tablet
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Which of the following is an output device that produces a hard copy of documents?
A · Printer
A printer is an output device that produces a physical (hard) copy of digital documents. Keyboard and microphone are input devices, and a scanner is an input device that digitizes physical documents.
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A device that converts printed text or images into machine-readable form is called a:
B · Optical Character Reader
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Which of the following devices can be used both as an input and an output device?
A · Touchscreen
A touchscreen acts as both input (touch commands) and output (display) device. Scanner and microphone are input devices only, printer is output only.
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Which of the following is NOT considered a peripheral device?
D · CPU
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Which input device is best suited for selecting options on a graphical user interface?
A · Mouse
A mouse is designed to point, click, and select options on graphical user interfaces. Microphone inputs audio, joystick is mainly for gaming, and scanner digitizes images.
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If a computer system has 3 input devices and 2 output devices connected, how many peripherals are connected in total?
C · 5
Peripherals include all input and output devices connected externally. Total peripherals = 3 input + 2 output = 5.
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Which of the following devices converts analog sound signals into digital data for the computer?
A · Microphone
A microphone captures analog sound signals and converts them into digital data for processing. Speakers output sound, printers output hard copies, and monitors display images.
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Which device is used to display graphical output from a computer?
A · Monitor
A monitor is an output device used to display graphical and textual information. Keyboard and microphone are input devices, scanner is input device for images.
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A barcode reader is an example of which type of device?
A · Input device
A barcode reader scans barcodes and inputs data into the computer, so it is an input device.
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Which of the following devices is used to produce large-scale drawings or blueprints?
A · Plotter
A plotter is an output device used for printing large-scale images such as engineering drawings or blueprints. Printers produce regular-sized hard copies.
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Which of the following input devices uses light to detect movement?
A · Optical Mouse
An optical mouse uses a light source (usually LED) to detect movement relative to a surface. Joystick and keyboard do not use light for movement detection.
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Which device is commonly used for video conferencing as both input and output device?
A · Webcam
A webcam captures video (input) and often has a built-in microphone; it can also be combined with speakers and display for output. Printer and scanner are single-function devices.
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Which of the following devices would be best for a user who needs to input handwritten mathematical formulas into a computer?
A · Graphics Tablet
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Which of the following is a characteristic of an output device?
B · It receives data from the computer
Output devices receive data from the computer and present it to the user. Input devices send data to the computer. Storage devices store data, and processing devices process data.
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Which device is used to convert physical documents into digital images for editing or storage?
A · Scanner
A scanner converts physical documents into digital images. Printer outputs physical copies, monitor displays images, and speaker outputs sound.
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Which of the following devices is used to input voice commands into a computer?
A · Microphone
A microphone captures audio input such as voice commands. Speakers output sound, joystick is for control input, and monitor is output device.
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Which of the following is a combination of input and output devices?
A · Touchscreen
Touchscreens serve as both input (touch) and output (display) devices. Printer outputs only, keyboard inputs only, scanner inputs only.
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A user wants to digitize a printed photograph. Which device should they use?
A · Scanner
A scanner digitizes printed photographs into digital images. Printer produces physical copies, monitor displays images, speaker outputs sound.
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Which device is essential for a user to interact with a computer using typed commands?
A · Keyboard
A keyboard is used to input typed commands into a computer. Mouse is for pointing, scanner inputs images, printer outputs documents.
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Which of the following devices is NOT typically connected externally to a computer system?
B · CPU
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is an internal component of the computer, not an external peripheral device like monitor, keyboard, or printer.
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Which device is used to produce sound output from a computer?
A · Speaker
Speakers output sound from the computer. Microphones input sound, monitors display images, printers produce hard copies.
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Which of the following devices would be best for a graphic designer to create digital artwork?
A · Graphics Tablet
A graphics tablet allows precise drawing and input of digital artwork using a stylus. Keyboard and scanner are not suited for drawing, printer outputs hard copies.
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Which of the following devices is used to read data stored on a CD or DVD?
A · Optical Drive
An optical drive reads data from CDs or DVDs. Printer outputs documents, scanner digitizes images, monitor displays output.
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Which device allows a user to control a cursor on the screen by moving a small ball or sensor with their hand?
A · Trackball
A trackball is a pointing device where the user rotates a ball to move the cursor. Joystick is a stick-based controller, keyboard inputs text, scanner inputs images.
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Which device is used to convert spoken words into text on a computer?
A · Microphone
A microphone captures spoken words as audio input, which can then be converted to text by speech recognition software. Speakers output sound, scanner digitizes images, printer outputs documents.
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Which type of memory is volatile and loses its content when the power is turned off?
B · RAM
RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory, meaning it loses its data when power is off. ROM and secondary storage like Hard Disk and Flash Memory are non-volatile.
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Which memory type is primarily used to store firmware and cannot be modified during normal operation?
C · ROM
ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores firmware and is non-volatile. It cannot be modified during normal operation, unlike RAM or cache.
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If a computer has 8 GB of RAM and 1 TB of hard disk space, which of the following statements is true?
C · RAM is primary memory and hard disk is secondary memory
RAM is primary memory used for immediate processing, while hard disk is secondary memory used for long-term storage.
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Which of the following best describes cache memory?
B · A small, fast memory located close to the CPU
Cache memory is a small, very fast memory located close to the CPU to speed up data access.
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Which memory type requires periodic refreshing to retain data?
B · Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
DRAM needs to be refreshed periodically because it stores data in capacitors that leak charge over time. SRAM does not require refreshing.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary memory?
C · Directly accessed by the CPU
Secondary memory is not directly accessed by the CPU; data must be loaded into primary memory first.
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Which memory type is typically the fastest in the memory hierarchy?
A · Cache Memory
Cache memory is the fastest memory type, located closest to the CPU to reduce access time.
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A computer system has 4 levels of memory hierarchy: Cache, RAM, SSD, and HDD. Which of the following correctly orders them from fastest to slowest?
B · Cache > RAM > SSD > HDD
Cache is fastest, followed by RAM, then SSD, and finally HDD which is the slowest.
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Which of the following memory types is non-volatile and can be electrically erased and reprogrammed?
B · EPROM
EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM) is non-volatile and can be erased by UV light and reprogrammed electrically.
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If a CPU accesses data from RAM at 100 ns and from cache at 10 ns, what is the speed improvement factor when using cache?
A · 10 times
Speed improvement factor = RAM access time / Cache access time = 100 ns / 10 ns = 10 times faster.
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Which of the following is true about ROM?
C · It stores permanent instructions like BIOS
ROM stores permanent instructions such as BIOS and is non-volatile.
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Which of the following best describes virtual memory?
B · An extension of primary memory using secondary memory
Virtual memory uses part of the secondary memory (like hard disk) to extend the apparent size of primary memory (RAM).
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Which memory type is typically used to hold the operating system while the computer is running?
B · RAM
RAM holds the operating system and programs currently in use for fast access by the CPU.
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Which of the following is NOT true about SRAM compared to DRAM?
B · SRAM requires refreshing periodically
SRAM does not require refreshing, unlike DRAM which needs periodic refresh.
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Which of the following memory types is used to store the BIOS firmware in a computer?
B · ROM
BIOS firmware is stored in ROM, which is non-volatile and permanent.
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If the access time of cache memory is 5 ns and RAM is 50 ns, what percentage faster is cache compared to RAM?
A · 90%
Speed increase = ((50 - 5) / 50) × 100% = (45/50) × 100% = 90%. Cache is 90% faster than RAM.
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Which memory type is typically the largest in capacity but slowest in speed?
C · Hard Disk
Hard disk (secondary memory) has the largest capacity but slowest access speed compared to cache, RAM, and ROM.
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Which of the following is an example of secondary memory?
A · Flash Drive
Flash drive is a secondary memory device used for long-term storage.
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Which memory type is used to temporarily hold data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing?
A · Primary Memory
Primary memory (RAM) holds data and instructions currently being processed by the CPU.
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Which of the following is true about the difference between RAM and ROM?
C · RAM is volatile and writable; ROM is non-volatile and mostly read-only
RAM is volatile and can be written to and read from; ROM is non-volatile and mostly read-only.
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Which memory type is used to speed up access to frequently used data and instructions by the CPU?
A · Cache Memory
Cache memory stores frequently used data and instructions to speed up CPU access.
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A computer has 16 GB RAM and 512 GB SSD. Which memory is volatile and which is non-volatile?
C · RAM is volatile; SSD is non-volatile
RAM is volatile memory losing data when power is off; SSD is non-volatile storage retaining data without power.
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Which memory type is directly accessible by the CPU without going through the system bus?
A · Cache Memory
Cache memory is located inside or very close to the CPU and is accessed directly without the system bus.
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Which of the following is true about the size and speed relationship in memory hierarchy?
B · Smaller memory is usually faster
In memory hierarchy, smaller memories like cache are faster, while larger memories like hard disk are slower.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of primary memory?
C · Long-term data storage
Primary memory is volatile and used for temporary storage; long-term storage is a function of secondary memory.
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Which memory type is fastest and located closest to the CPU?
A · Cache Memory
Cache memory is the fastest memory and is located closest to the CPU to reduce access time.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary memory?
C · Directly accessed by CPU
Secondary memory is not directly accessed by the CPU; data must be loaded into primary memory first.
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If a computer has a 16-bit address bus, what is the maximum number of unique memory locations it can address?
A · 65536
A 16-bit address bus can address \(2^{16} = 65536\) unique memory locations.
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Which memory unit temporarily holds data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing?
C · Main Memory (RAM)
Main memory (RAM) temporarily holds data and instructions that the CPU is currently processing.
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Which of the following memory types is volatile and loses data when power is off?
B · Cache Memory
Cache memory is volatile and loses its data when power is turned off.
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A computer has a memory hierarchy consisting of registers, cache, main memory, and secondary storage. Which of these has the largest capacity but slowest speed?
D · Secondary Storage
Secondary storage has the largest capacity but the slowest access speed compared to registers, cache, and main memory.
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Which of the following best describes the function of virtual memory?
B · It uses disk space to extend RAM temporarily
Virtual memory uses disk space to temporarily extend the RAM, allowing the system to run larger programs than physical RAM alone.
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Which of the following is an example of a secondary storage device?
C · SSD
SSD (Solid State Drive) is a secondary storage device used for long-term data storage.
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If a system has a cache hit ratio of 90%, what does this imply?
A · 90% of memory accesses are served from cache
A 90% cache hit ratio means 90% of memory accesses are served directly from the cache, improving speed.
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Which memory addressing mode uses a base address plus an offset to access data?
C · Indexed Addressing
Indexed addressing mode uses a base address plus an offset (index) to calculate the effective address.
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A system has 4 GB of RAM and 8 GB of virtual memory. What is the total addressable memory space?
C · 12 GB
Total addressable memory space = RAM + Virtual Memory = 4 GB + 8 GB = 12 GB.
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Which of the following storage units is the smallest?
C · Byte
A byte is the smallest unit among the options listed.
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Which memory type is non-volatile and cannot be modified during normal operation?
B · ROM
ROM is non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions and cannot be modified during normal operation.
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Which of the following is true about SRAM compared to DRAM?
B · SRAM is faster and more expensive than DRAM
SRAM is faster and more expensive than DRAM and does not require refreshing.
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Which memory unit is typically measured in nanoseconds and used to reduce the average time to access data from main memory?
A · Cache Memory
Cache memory operates in nanoseconds and reduces average memory access time by storing frequently used data.
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In a memory hierarchy, which level typically has the largest capacity?
D · Secondary Storage
Secondary storage has the largest capacity in the memory hierarchy.
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Which addressing scheme uses the address field to directly specify the operand's memory location?
B · Direct Addressing
Direct addressing uses the address field to specify the exact memory location of the operand.
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Which of the following is NOT part of the memory hierarchy in a typical computer system?
C · Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is external and not part of the internal memory hierarchy.
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If a CPU accesses data from main memory in 100 ns and from cache in 10 ns, what is the speedup factor when data is found in cache?
B · 10
Speedup factor = main memory access time / cache access time = 100 ns / 10 ns = 10.
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Which of the following storage units is equal to 1024 bytes?
A · Kilobyte
1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes.
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Which memory type is used to permanently store the BIOS firmware in a computer?
B · ROM
ROM stores the BIOS firmware permanently and is non-volatile.
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Which of the following best explains the term 'memory address'?
B · The unique identifier of a memory location
A memory address is the unique identifier used to access a specific memory location.
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Which of the following memory types requires periodic refreshing to retain data?
B · DRAM
DRAM requires periodic refreshing to maintain stored data, unlike SRAM.
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In a computer system, which memory type is directly accessible by the CPU for instruction execution?
A · Cache Memory
Cache memory is directly accessible by the CPU and stores instructions and data for quick access.
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Which of the following is the correct order of memory hierarchy from fastest to slowest?
B · Registers, Cache, Main Memory, Secondary Storage
The correct order from fastest to slowest is Registers, Cache, Main Memory, Secondary Storage.
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Which of the following is an optical backup device?
B · DVD-RW
DVD-RW is an optical storage device used for backup, unlike hard disks and magnetic tapes which are magnetic storage, and flash drives which use flash memory.
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Which backup method saves only the data changed since the last backup?
B · Incremental Backup
Incremental backup saves only the data that has changed since the last backup of any type, making it faster and saving space compared to full backups.
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A backup device that uses magnetic strips wound on reels and is mainly used for archival storage is called:
B · Magnetic Tape Drive
Magnetic tape drives use magnetic strips wound on reels and are commonly used for long-term archival backups due to their large capacity and low cost.
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Which of the following backup devices provides the fastest data access speed?
C · External Hard Drive
External hard drives provide faster data access speeds compared to optical disks, magnetic tapes, and floppy disks due to their advanced magnetic storage technology and interface speeds.
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If a full backup of 500 GB takes 5 hours, and an incremental backup takes 30 minutes, how much time will it take to restore data if there are 4 incremental backups after the full backup?
C · 7.5 hours
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Which backup type requires the least storage space after the initial full backup?
C · Incremental Backup
Incremental backups save only the data changed since the last backup, so they require less storage space compared to differential backups which save changes since the last full backup.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of external hard drives used for backup?
C · Volatile memory
External hard drives use non-volatile magnetic storage, meaning data is retained without power. Volatile memory loses data when power is off, which is not true for external hard drives.
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Which backup device is most suitable for offsite disaster recovery due to its durability and portability?
B · Cloud Storage
Cloud storage is highly durable, accessible remotely, and suitable for offsite disaster recovery, unlike physical devices which can be damaged or lost.
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Which of the following backup devices uses flash memory technology?
A · USB Flash Drive
USB flash drives use flash memory technology, unlike magnetic tapes, DVDs, or hard disk drives which use magnetic or optical storage.
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A company wants to back up 1 TB of data daily using incremental backups. If the average daily change is 5%, how much data will be backed up on the third day after a full backup?
A · 50 GB
Incremental backup backs up only changed data since last backup.Daily change = 5% of 1 TB = 0.05 × 1000 GB = 50 GBSo, on the third day, backup size = 50 GB.
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Which backup strategy allows the quickest restoration time?
D · Mirror Backup
Mirror backup creates an exact copy of the data, allowing immediate restoration without needing to combine multiple backups, thus providing the quickest restore time.
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using external backup devices?
C · Unlimited storage capacity
External backup devices have limited storage capacity depending on the device; unlimited storage capacity is not a benefit.
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Which backup device is most vulnerable to physical damage due to its fragile nature?
A · DVD
DVDs are optical discs that are fragile and prone to scratches and breakage, making them more vulnerable to physical damage than other devices.
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Which backup device typically requires sequential access to data, making random access slower?
B · Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is a sequential access device, meaning data must be read in order, which slows down random access compared to disk-based devices.
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Which backup device is most cost-effective for storing large volumes of data for long-term archival?
A · Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape offers low cost per GB and is widely used for long-term archival storage of large data volumes.
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Which of the following backup devices is least affected by electromagnetic interference?
C · Optical Disk
Optical disks use laser technology and are not affected by electromagnetic interference, unlike magnetic storage devices.
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A backup device has a data transfer rate of 100 MB/s and a total data size of 200 GB. How long will it take to complete the backup?
A · 2000 seconds
Time = Data Size / Transfer Rate = (200 × 1024 MB) / 100 MB/s = 204800 / 100 = 2048 seconds ≈ 2000 seconds.
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Which backup method requires restoring the last full backup and all subsequent incremental backups?
C · Incremental Backup
Incremental backup restoration requires the last full backup plus all incremental backups made after it to fully restore data.
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Which device is commonly used for backing up data in data centers due to its high capacity and reliability?
A · Magnetic Tape Library
Magnetic tape libraries provide high capacity and reliability, making them suitable for data center backups.
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Which backup device uses NAND technology for storage?
A · USB Flash Drive
USB flash drives use NAND flash memory technology for data storage.
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Which backup device is most suitable for quick, portable backups of small data files?
A · USB Flash Drive
USB flash drives are portable, fast, and suitable for quick backups of small data files.
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Which backup device is most likely to fail due to mechanical parts wearing out?
A · External Hard Drive
External hard drives contain mechanical parts such as spinning disks and read/write heads, which can wear out and fail over time.
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Which of the following backup devices can be encrypted easily for data protection?
A · USB Flash Drive
USB flash drives support hardware and software encryption, making them suitable for secure backups.
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Which backup device is best suited for backing up large multimedia files that require high read/write speed?
A · External SSD
External SSDs provide high read/write speeds suitable for large multimedia files compared to slower magnetic tapes or optical disks.
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Which backup device is most affected by temperature and humidity changes?
A · Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tapes are sensitive to environmental conditions like temperature and humidity, which can degrade the magnetic media.
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Which backup device is considered the most reliable for long-term data retention (10+ years)?
A · Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is designed for long-term archival storage and can reliably store data for 10 years or more under proper conditions.
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Which backup device typically requires a special drive to read data and is not directly accessible via USB ports?
A · Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape requires a tape drive to read/write data and is not directly accessible via USB ports unlike flash drives or external hard drives.
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Which backup device is most vulnerable to data loss if exposed to strong magnetic fields?
A · Hard Disk Drive
Hard disk drives store data magnetically and can be corrupted or erased by strong magnetic fields, unlike optical disks or flash memory.
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Which type of port is commonly used to connect external storage devices like pen drives and external hard disks?
B · USB
USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports are widely used to connect external storage devices such as pen drives and external hard disks due to their plug-and-play capability and high data transfer rates.
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Which port is primarily used to connect a computer to a local area network (LAN)?
B · Ethernet
Ethernet ports are used to connect computers to LANs using network cables, enabling communication and internet access.
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A USB 3.0 port can transfer data at a maximum speed of approximately:
B · 5 Gbps
USB 3.0 ports support data transfer speeds up to 5 Gbps, which is significantly faster than USB 2.0 (480 Mbps).
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Which of the following ports is designed to transmit both high-definition video and audio signals?
C · HDMI
HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) ports transmit both high-definition video and audio signals digitally, commonly used for monitors and TVs.
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Which port type uses an RJ-45 connector?
A · Ethernet
The RJ-45 connector is used for Ethernet ports, which connect computers to wired networks.
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If a device requires a port that supports hot-swapping and can supply power to connected devices, which port is most suitable?
A · USB
USB ports support hot-swapping and can supply power to devices like external hard drives and smartphones.
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Which port type is best suited for connecting a computer to a digital monitor to display high-definition video?
B · HDMI
HDMI ports transmit digital high-definition video and audio, making them ideal for connecting to modern digital monitors and TVs.
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A serial port transmits data in which manner?
B · One bit at a time
A serial port transmits data one bit at a time sequentially, which is suitable for slow-speed data transmission over long distances.
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Which port type is commonly used to connect a keyboard or mouse to a computer in older systems?
A · PS/2
PS/2 ports were traditionally used to connect keyboards and mice before USB became standard.
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Which of the following ports can be used to connect multiple devices in a daisy chain configuration?
C · Thunderbolt
Thunderbolt ports support daisy chaining, allowing multiple devices to be connected in series through a single port.
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Calculate the total data transfer time (in seconds) to transfer a 10 GB file through a USB 2.0 port with a maximum speed of 480 Mbps. (1 byte = 8 bits, 1 GB = \(10^9\) bytes)
A · 166.7
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Which port type is most suitable for connecting a computer to a high-speed internet modem using a wired connection?
A · Ethernet
Ethernet ports are used to connect computers to wired internet modems and routers for high-speed internet access.
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Which port type supports the highest video resolution and refresh rate for modern displays?
C · HDMI 2.1
HDMI 2.1 supports up to 10K resolution and high refresh rates, making it suitable for the latest high-definition displays.
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Which port type is primarily used for connecting printers in older computer systems?
A · Parallel
Parallel ports were traditionally used to connect printers before USB became the standard interface.
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Which port type allows simultaneous transmission of data in both directions (full-duplex)?
C · Ethernet
Ethernet ports support full-duplex communication, allowing simultaneous sending and receiving of data.
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Which port type is most appropriate for connecting an external graphics card to a laptop for enhanced video performance?
B · Thunderbolt 3
Thunderbolt 3 ports provide high bandwidth and support external GPUs, making them suitable for enhanced video performance.
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Which port type is used to connect a computer to a projector for video output?
A · HDMI
HDMI ports are commonly used to connect computers to projectors for high-quality video output.
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Which port type is known for its reversible connector design, allowing it to be plugged in either way?
B · USB Type-C
USB Type-C connectors are reversible, meaning they can be plugged in either orientation.
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Which port type can carry power, video, and data simultaneously through a single cable?
A · USB Type-C
USB Type-C ports can carry power delivery, video signals, and data through a single cable, making them versatile.
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Which port type is obsolete and primarily used for connecting old serial devices like modems and mice?
A · Serial port
Serial ports were used to connect older devices like modems and mice but have largely been replaced by USB.
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A computer has 4 USB 3.0 ports each capable of 5 Gbps transfer speed. If all ports are used simultaneously at full speed, what is the total maximum data transfer rate in Gbps?
C · 20 Gbps
Each USB 3.0 port supports 5 Gbps. For 4 ports simultaneously:Total speed = \(4 \times 5 = 20\) Gbps.
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Which port type is used to connect a computer to a wired telephone line for dial-up internet access?
A · RJ-11
RJ-11 connectors are used for telephone lines and dial-up internet connections, distinct from RJ-45 used in Ethernet.
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Which port type is best suited for connecting a digital audio device to a computer?
C · Optical (TOSLINK)
Optical (TOSLINK) ports are used for digital audio connections, providing high-quality sound transmission.
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Which port type supports the fastest data transfer rate among the following?
B · USB 3.1 Gen 2
USB 3.1 Gen 2 supports up to 10 Gbps, faster than USB 2.0 (480 Mbps), Ethernet 1 Gbps, and HDMI 1.4 (10.2 Gbps but mainly for video).
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Which port type is typically used to connect a computer mouse in modern systems?
A · USB
Modern computer mice are mostly connected via USB ports, replacing older PS/2 and serial connections.
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Which port type is used to connect a computer to a network switch in an office environment?
A · Ethernet
Ethernet ports connect computers to network switches for LAN communication in office environments.
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Which port type can be used to connect a computer to a TV to stream high-definition video and audio?
A · HDMI
HDMI ports are standard for connecting computers to TVs for streaming high-definition video and audio.
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Which port type transmits data in parallel form, typically used in older printers?
A · Parallel port
Parallel ports transmit multiple bits simultaneously and were commonly used for connecting older printers.
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Which keyboard shortcut combination opens Windows Explorer in Windows 10?
B · Windows Key + E
The shortcut Windows Key + E opens Windows Explorer (File Explorer) directly in Windows 10.
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In Windows Explorer, which of the following is NOT a valid method to navigate to the parent folder?
D · Pressing Alt + Left Arrow
Alt + Left Arrow moves back to the previous folder, not the parent folder. The Up arrow, Backspace, and clicking the folder name in the address bar navigate to the parent folder.
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Which of the following folders in Windows Explorer holds files that have been deleted but not permanently removed?
A · Recycle Bin
The Recycle Bin is a special folder where deleted files are temporarily stored until permanently deleted.
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Which of the following statements about Windows Explorer is INCORRECT?
C · It is the default web browser in Windows
Windows Explorer is not a web browser; it is a file management tool. Microsoft Edge or Internet Explorer are web browsers.
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If you want to select multiple non-adjacent files in Windows Explorer, which key should you hold while clicking the files?
B · Ctrl
Holding the Ctrl key allows selection of multiple non-adjacent files individually.
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In Windows Explorer, which view option displays files and folders as large icons with preview thumbnails?
C · Tiles
The Tiles view shows files and folders as large icons with preview thumbnails and some details.
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Which of the following is the correct sequence to rename a file in Windows Explorer using the keyboard only?
A · Select file → Press F2 → Type new name → Press Enter
Pressing F2 after selecting a file allows renaming it directly.
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Which of the following file attributes can be changed using Windows Explorer's Properties dialog?
D · All of the above
Windows Explorer allows changing Hidden, Encrypted, and Compressed attributes via the Properties dialog.
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Which of the following is TRUE about the Quick Access feature in Windows Explorer?
A · It shows frequently used folders and recent files
Quick Access displays frequently used folders and recent files for easy navigation.
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You want to search for all files with the extension '.docx' inside a folder using Windows Explorer. Which search syntax should you use in the search box?
A · *.docx
Using '*.docx' in the search box filters all files with .docx extension.
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In Windows Explorer, what is the default file system used when formatting a USB drive on a Windows 10 PC?
B · FAT32
Windows Explorer defaults to FAT32 when formatting USB drives, especially smaller ones, for compatibility.
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Which of the following Windows Explorer features allows viewing and managing files on a networked computer?
A · Network
The Network section in Windows Explorer allows access to shared files and devices on the local network.
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Which Windows Explorer pane shows the hierarchical structure of folders on your computer?
A · Navigation pane
The Navigation pane displays the folder tree structure for easy navigation.
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If a folder contains 120 files and Windows Explorer displays 30 files per page, how many pages will be needed to view all files?
B · 4
Number of pages = Total files / Files per page = 120 / 30 = 4 pages. But since 120/30 = 4 exactly, 4 pages are needed.
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You have a folder with 500 files. If you select 20 files and press Ctrl + C to copy, then paste them into another folder, how many files will be in the destination folder after pasting if it was initially empty?
A · 20
Only the 20 selected files are copied and pasted, so the destination folder will have 20 files.
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In Windows Explorer, what does the shortcut Ctrl + Shift + N do?
A · Create a new folder
Ctrl + Shift + N creates a new folder in the current directory.
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Which of the following best describes the function of the 'Details' pane in Windows Explorer?
B · Displays metadata and properties of the selected file
The Details pane displays metadata such as size, date modified, and attributes of the selected file.
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Which of the following commands in Windows Explorer will permanently delete a file without sending it to the Recycle Bin?
B · Select file and press Shift + Delete
Shift + Delete permanently deletes the file bypassing the Recycle Bin.
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Which of the following is NOT a default folder visible in Windows Explorer's Quick Access?
D · Program Files
Program Files is not shown in Quick Access by default; Quick Access shows user folders like Documents, Downloads, and Desktop.
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You want to view all files in a folder sorted by date modified in descending order. Which Windows Explorer feature should you use?
B · Click the 'Date modified' column header twice
Clicking the 'Date modified' column header twice sorts files by date modified in descending order (newest first).
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In Windows Explorer, which of the following is the quickest way to open the Properties dialog of a selected file using the keyboard?
A · Press Alt + Enter
Alt + Enter opens the Properties dialog for the selected file or folder.
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You want to move a file from one folder to another using drag and drop in Windows Explorer. What happens if you drag the file from one drive to another?
B · The file is copied
Dragging a file between different drives copies the file instead of moving it.
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In Windows Explorer, which of the following is the default action when you double-click a folder?
A · Open the folder to show its contents
Double-clicking a folder opens it to display its contents in Windows Explorer.
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You have a folder with 250 files. If Windows Explorer shows 25 files per page, how many pages will be needed to view all files?
B · 10
Number of pages = \( \frac{250}{25} = 10 \) pages exactly.
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Which of the following Windows Explorer features allows you to pin frequently used folders for quick access?
A · Quick Access
Quick Access allows pinning frequently used folders for easy navigation.
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Which of the following is the correct way to open Windows Explorer from the Run dialog box?
A · Type 'explorer' and press Enter
Typing 'explorer' in the Run dialog opens Windows Explorer.
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Which of the following is NOT a function of Windows Explorer's context menu (right-click menu)?
D · Running antivirus scans
Running antivirus scans is not a default option in Windows Explorer's context menu; it depends on installed antivirus software.
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Which of the following is TRUE about the 'Address Bar' in Windows Explorer?
A · It shows the current folder path and allows quick navigation
The Address Bar shows the path of the current folder and allows navigation by clicking parts of the path.
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Which keyboard shortcut is used to quickly open the Task Manager in Windows?
A · Ctrl + Shift + Esc
Ctrl + Shift + Esc directly opens the Task Manager in Windows without going through any intermediate screen.
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In Windows, which shortcut key combination is used to minimize all open windows and show the desktop?
A · Windows + D
Pressing Windows + D minimizes all open windows and shows the desktop immediately.
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If you want to switch between open applications in Windows in reverse order, which shortcut should you use?
A · Alt + Shift + Tab
Alt + Shift + Tab cycles through open applications in the reverse order compared to Alt + Tab.
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Which keyboard shortcut in MS Word is used to save the current document quickly?
A · Ctrl + S
Ctrl + S is the standard shortcut to save the current document in MS Word and many other applications.
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In Windows, which shortcut key combination will lock your computer immediately?
A · Windows + L
Windows + L locks the computer and switches to the lock screen instantly.
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You want to undo the last action in most Windows applications. Which shortcut key will you use?
A · Ctrl + Z
Ctrl + Z is the universal shortcut to undo the last performed action in most software.
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Which keyboard shortcut combination is used to open the Run dialog box in Windows?
A · Windows + R
Windows + R opens the Run dialog box where you can type commands or program names to execute.
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In MS Word, which shortcut key combination is used to select the entire document quickly?
A · Ctrl + A
Ctrl + A selects all the content in the current document or window.
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Which shortcut key combination in Windows will open File Explorer?
A · Windows + E
Windows + E opens File Explorer directly to browse files and folders.
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In MS Word, pressing Ctrl + B applies which formatting to the selected text?
A · Bold
Ctrl + B toggles bold formatting on the selected text.
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Which shortcut key combination is used to redo an action that was undone in Windows applications?
A · Ctrl + Y
Ctrl + Y redoes the last undone action in most Windows applications.
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Which keyboard shortcut is used to open the context menu (right-click menu) for the selected item?
A · Shift + F10
Shift + F10 opens the context menu for the selected item, equivalent to a right-click.
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In Windows, which shortcut key combination closes the currently active window?
A · Alt + F4
Alt + F4 closes the currently active window or application.
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Which shortcut key combination in Windows allows you to snap the active window to the left half of the screen?
A · Windows + Left Arrow
Windows + Left Arrow snaps the active window to the left half of the screen.
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You want to open a new tab in most web browsers using a keyboard shortcut. Which is correct?
A · Ctrl + T
Ctrl + T opens a new tab in most web browsers.
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Which keyboard shortcut combination is used to paste copied content in Windows applications?
A · Ctrl + V
Ctrl + V pastes the content from the clipboard into the current cursor position.
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In MS Word, pressing Ctrl + L aligns the selected paragraph to which alignment?
A · Left Align
Ctrl + L left-aligns the selected paragraph in MS Word.
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Which shortcut key combination will open the Task View (virtual desktops) feature in Windows 10 and later?
A · Windows + Tab
Windows + Tab opens the Task View interface to manage virtual desktops and open windows.
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You want to quickly lock the screen and switch user in Windows. Which key combination should you press?
D · Windows + L
Windows + L locks the screen immediately and switches to the lock screen, allowing user switching.
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If you want to open the properties window of a selected file or folder in Windows, which shortcut key would you use?
A · Alt + Enter
Alt + Enter opens the properties dialog box of the selected file or folder in Windows Explorer.
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In MS Word, which shortcut key combination is used to insert a hyperlink in the document?
A · Ctrl + K
Ctrl + K opens the Insert Hyperlink dialog box in MS Word.
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Which shortcut key combination will close the current tab in most web browsers?
A · Ctrl + W
Ctrl + W closes the currently active tab in most web browsers.
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You want to quickly open the context menu for the desktop in Windows. Which key combination will do this?
A · Shift + F10
Shift + F10 opens the context menu for the currently focused item, including the desktop.
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In Windows, pressing Windows + number key (e.g., Windows + 3) opens which application?
A · The application pinned to the taskbar at that position
Windows + number key opens the application pinned to the taskbar at that position (e.g., Windows + 3 opens the third pinned app).
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You want to quickly rename a selected file or folder in Windows Explorer. Which keyboard shortcut should you use?
A · F2
Pressing F2 allows you to rename the selected file or folder in Windows Explorer.
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In MS Word, pressing Ctrl + Shift + N applies which style to the selected paragraph?
A · Normal style
Ctrl + Shift + N applies the Normal style to the selected paragraph in MS Word.
